Mucosal immune responses in COVID19 - a living review
Pearson CF., Jeffery R., Ahern DJ., Almuttaqi H., Alonzi DS., Alrubayyi A., Alsaleh G., Bart VMT., Batchelor V., Bayliss R., Berthold DL., Bezbradica JS., Bharuchq T., Borrmann H., Borsa M., Borst R., Brun J., Burnell S., Capitani L., Cavounidis A., Chapman L., Chauveau A., Cifuentes L., Codd AS., Compeer EB., Coveney C., Cross A., Danielli S., Davies LC., Dendrou CA., Dimonte S., Peter Durairaj RR., Dustin LB., Dyer A., Fielding C., Fischer F., Gallimore A., Galloway S., Gammage A., Gea-Mallorquí E., Godkin A., Hanna SJ., Heuberger C., Hulin-Curtis S., Issa F., Jones E., Jones R., Ladell K., Lauder SN., Liddiard K., Ligoxygakis P., Lu F., MacLachlan B., Maleki-Toyserkani S., Mann EH., Marzeda AM., Matthews RJ., Mazet JM., Milicic A., Mitchell E., Moon O., Nguyen VD., O'Hanlon M., Pavillet CE., Peppa D., Pires A., Pring E., Quastel M., Reed S., Rehwinkel J., Richmond N., Richter FC., Robinson AJB., Rodrigues PRS., Sabberwal P., Sami A., Peres RS., Sattentau Q., Schonfeldova B., Scourfield DO., Selvakumar TA., Shepherd FR., Shorten C., Simon AK., Smith AL., Crespo AT., Tellier M., Thornton E., Uhl LFK., van Grinsven E., Wann AKT., Williams R., Wilson JD., Zhou D., Zhu Z., Thornton EE.
Abstract COVID-19 was initially characterized as a disease primarily of the lungs, but it is becoming increasingly clear that the SARS-CoV2 virus is able to infect many organs and cause a broad pathological response. The primary infection site is likely to be a mucosal surface, mainly the lungs or the intestine, where epithelial cells can be infected with virus. Although it is clear that virus within the lungs can cause severe pathology, driven by an exaggerated immune response, infection within the intestine generally seems to cause minor or no symptoms. In this review, we compare the disease processes between the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, and what might drive these different responses. As the microbiome is a key part of mucosal barrier sites, we also consider the effect that microbial species may play on infection and the subsequent immune responses. Because of difficulties obtaining tissue samples, there are currently few studies focused on the local mucosal response rather than the systemic response, but understanding the local immune response will become increasingly important for understanding the mechanisms of disease in order to develop better treatments.