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Denisovans are members of a hominin group who are currently only known directly from fragmentary fossils, the genomes of which have been studied from a single site, Denisova Cave<sup>1-3</sup> in Siberia. They are also known indirectly from their genetic legacy through gene flow into several low-altitude East Asian populations<sup>4,5</sup> and high-altitude modern Tibetans<sup>6</sup>. The lack of morphologically informative Denisovan fossils hinders our ability to connect geographically and temporally dispersed fossil hominins from Asia and to understand in a coherent manner their relation to recent Asian populations. This includes understanding the genetic adaptation of humans to the high-altitude Tibetan Plateau<sup>7,8</sup>, which was inherited from the Denisovans. Here we report a Denisovan mandible, identified by ancient protein analysis<sup>9,10</sup>, found on the Tibetan Plateau in Baishiya Karst Cave, Xiahe, Gansu, China. We determine the mandible to be at least 160 thousand years old through U-series dating of an adhering carbonate matrix. The Xiahe specimen provides direct evidence of the Denisovans outside the Altai Mountains and its analysis unique insights into Denisovan mandibular and dental morphology. Our results indicate that archaic hominins occupied the Tibetan Plateau in the Middle Pleistocene epoch and successfully adapted to high-altitude hypoxic environments long before the regional arrival of modern Homo sapiens.

Original publication

DOI

10.1038/s41586-019-1139-x

Type

Journal article

Journal

Nature

Publication Date

05/2019

Volume

569

Pages

409 - 412

Addresses

Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology (LAE), CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences and Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. fhchen@itpcas.ac.cn.

Keywords

Mandible, Tooth, Animals, Hominidae, Humans, Altitude, Phylogeny, Fossils, Tibet, Caves, Human Migration